Faculty Profile

Education: BA, Seattle Pacific University, 2000; MPhil, University of Cambridge, 2001; PhD, University of Cambridge, 2005. At SPU since 2007.

Cara Wall-Scheffler’s research focuses on the evolution of human sexual dimorphism, particularly in the context of balancing the pressures of thermoregulation and long-distance locomotion. She has been working on this problem for over 10 years and has published numerous papers along with her students.

Her work shows very clearly that different selection pressures have acted on men and women, and that women in particular have a rare (among mammals) ability to work both efficiently (energy per unit mass) and economically (total energy) when carrying loads. Women’s abilities are due in part to their relatively small body size, relatively high surface area, relatively broader pelves, and unique methods of thermoregulating.

In addition to her research, Dr. Wall-Scheffler teaches courses in human physiology and evolutionary mechanisms, both on campus and on the Blakely Island Field Station.

Selected Publications

• McCollor, K.*, Morschek, T.*, & Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (submitted). Do women’s walking advantages come from a lower center of mass? An assessment of loading carrying over unstable surfaces. Under Review, American Journal of Human Biology.
• Struška, M.*, Jarešová, P.*, Hora, M., Wall-Scheffler, C.M., Michálek, T., & Sladek, V. (2024). Impact of relative lower-limb length on heat loss and body temperature during running. American Journal of Biological Anthropology. e25036. Article link
• Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2024). Women have stronger legs and other side-effects of human body proportions. American Journal of Human Biology 36(5): e24034. Article link
• Wall-Scheffler, C.M. & Kurki, H. (2023). Beyond sex, gender, and dilemmas: Human pelvic morphology from an integrative context. Evolutionary Anthropology 32(5): 293-305. Article link
• Anderson, A.*, Chilczuk, S.*, Nelson, K.*, Ruther, R.,* & Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2023). The myth of Man the Hunter: Women’s contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts. PLoS One 18(6): e0287101. Article link
• Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2022). Women carry for less: Body size, pelvis width, loading position and energetics. Evolutionary Human Sciences 4: e36. Article link
• Selinger, J.C., Jackson, R.W., Hicks, J.L., Wall-Scheffler, C.M., Chang, D., & Delp, S.L. (2022). Running in the wild: Energetics explain ecological running speeds. Current Biology 32(10): P2309-2315.E3. Article link
• Hora, M., Pontzer, H., Wall-Scheffler, C.M., & Sladek, V. (2020). Dehydration was not a limit for persistence hunting in Homo ergaster. Journal of Human Evolution 138: 102682. Article link.
• Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2019). The seasonality of site use at Taforalt. In R.N.E. Barton, A. Bouzouggar, S.N. Colcutt, L. Humphrey (Eds.), Cemeteries and Sedentism in the Later Stone Age of NW Africa: Excavations at Grotte Des Pigeons, Taforalt, Morocco. Mainz: Schnell & Steiner, pp 309-312.
• Long, E.S., Courtney, K.L.*, Lippert, J.C.*, & Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2019). Reduced body size of insular black-tailed deer is caused by slowed development. Oecologia 189(3): 675-685. Article link.
• Bouterse, L.* & Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2018). Children are not like other loads: A cross-cultural perspective on the influence of burdens and companionship on human walking. PeerJ 6: e5547. Article link.
• Alcantara, R.* & Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2017). Stroller running: Energetic and kinematic changes across pushing methods. PLOS ONE 12(7): e0180575. Article link.
• Rathkey, J.* & Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2017). Do people choose to run at their optimal running speed? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163(1): 85-93. Article link.
• Wall-Scheffler, C.M. & Myers, M.J. (2017). The biomechanical and energetic advantages of a mediolaterally wide pelvis in women. The Anatomical Record 300(4): 764-775. Article link.
• Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2015). Optimal movement speeds in human locomotion. Integrative and Comparative Biology 55(6): 1155-1165. Article link.
• Wall-Scheffler, C.M., Wagnild, J.M.*, & Wagler, E.* (2015). Accounting for human footprint variation while performing a load-bearing task. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0118619. Article link.
• Wall-Scheffler, C.M. (2014). The balance between burden carrying, variable terrain and thermoregulatory pressures in assessing morphological variation. In K. Carlson & D. Marchi (Eds), Reconstructing Mobility: Environmental, Behavioral and Morphological Determinants. New York: Springer Life Sciences, pp. 173-192. Book link.

* denotes undergraduate student author

Please see Dr. Wall-Scheffler’s CV (PDF) for additional publications.